[30] Any bill rejected or amended must contain a statement of why it was rejected or amended. The last elector of Saxony became King Frederick Augustus I. Today the Free State of Saxony also includes a small part of former Prussian Silesia around the town of Görlitz which remained German after the war and which for obvious reasons of unviability as a separate state was incorporated into Saxony. In company with the tribe of Angles from Schleswig, a part of the Saxons settled on the island of Britain from which the Romans had withdrawn, where, as Anglo-Saxons, after having accepted Christianity about 600, they laid the foundation of Anglo-Saxon civilisation and the present Great Britain. The Kingdom of Saxony has an eventful history: a story about impressive rulers and their magnificent buildings, an eternal quarrel (with a neighbor) and a growing industrial state in the empire. The greater share of its western portion was given, as the Duchy of Westphalia, to the Archbishopric of Cologne. In 1871, Saxony was incorporated into the German Empire and more voting rights were gradually extended. The end of the kingdom Edit. It incorporated:[16], The Diet, or legislature was divided into two houses, which were constitutionally equal in their rights and status, and neither house was to meet without the other. During the 1866 Austro-Prussian War, Saxony sided with Austria, and the Saxon army was generally seen as the only ally to bring substantial aid to the Austrian cause, having abandoned the defense of Saxony itself to join up with the Austrian army in Bohemia. With the generous aid of Charlemagne and his nobles large numbers of churches and monasteries were founded, and as soon as peace and quiet had been re-established in the different districts, permanent dioceses were founded. The Emperor Henry V (1106–25) gave the Duchy of Saxony in fief to Count Lothair of Supplinburg, who in 1125 became King of Germany, and at his death (1137) transferred the Duchy of Saxony to his son-in-law, Duke Henry the Proud, of the princely family of the Welf (Guelph). [12] The parliament could impeach members of the ministry by unanimous vote of both houses;[32] ministers so impeached were to be tried by a special court; the decision of this court was final, and even the king's right of pardon did not extend to persons convicted by it.[33]. Charlemagne was also able to win them to Christianity, the Saxons being the last German tribe that still held persistently to belief in the Germanic gods. The Kingdom of Saxony is the fifth state of the German Empire in area and third in population; in 1905 the average population per square mile was 778.8. At the same time it is true that various measures taken by Charlemagne, as the execution of 4,500 Saxons at Verden in 782 and the hard laws issued to the subjugated, were shortsighted and cruel. Saxon "pirates" had been raiding the eastern seaboard of Britain from here during the 3rd and 4th centuries (prompting the construction of maritime defences in eastern Britain called the Saxon Shore) and it is thought that following the collapse of the Roman defences on the Rhine in 407 pressure from population movements in the east forced the Saxons and their neighbouring tribes the Angles and the … Zittau returned a series of Reichstag Deputies until 1919 when the existing constituencies were scrapped. Among the successful missionaries were also St. Willehad, the first bishop of Bremen, and his Anglo-Saxon companions. From the era of the conversion of the Saxons up to the revolt of the 16th century, a rich religious life was developed in the territory included in the medieval Duchy of Saxony. The hundred years of war waged by the family of Guelph with the Hohenstaufen emperors is famous in history. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}51°03′N 13°44′E / 51.050°N 13.733°E / 51.050; 13.733, German kingdom formed from the Electorate of Saxony (1806-1918), Napoleonic era and the German Confederation, Austro-Prussian War and the German Empire, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Reichstag deputies of the Kingdom of Saxony, "Bismarck and the Foundation of the German Empire by J. W. Headlam", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Saxony&oldid=1003508568, Former states and territories of Saxony-Anhalt, States and territories established in 1806, States and territories disestablished in 1918, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles lacking reliable references from March 2017, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. [citation needed], In 3rd and 4th century Germany, great tribal confederations of the Alamanni, Bavarians, Thuringians, Franks, Frisii, and Saxons arose. Among the most noted places of learning were the cathedral and monastery schools of Corvey, Hildesheim, Paderborn and Münster. After St. Sturmi's death (779) the country of the Saxons was divided into missionary districts, and each of these placed under a Frankish bishop. This lent influence out of proportion to the small area of the state. During the summer months about 15,000 to 20,000 Catholic labourers, called Sachsengänger, came into the country; they were Poles from the Prussian Province of Posen, from Russian Poland, or Galicia. The territory of the old duchy never again bore the name of Saxony; the large western part acquired the name of Westphalia. Before 1806, Saxony was part of the Holy Roman Empire, a thousand-year-old entity that had become highly decentralised over the centuries. Saxony finally got in line with all the other German states in 1870. Saxony nevertheless joined the Prussian-led North German Confederation the next year. Otto I brought the Slavonic territory on the right bank of the Elbe and Saale under German supremacy and Christian civilization. Art, learning, poetry, and the writing of history reached a high degree of perfection in the many monasteries. The Kingdom of Saxony had left only an area of 5,789 square miles (14,990 km2) with a population at that era of 1,500,000 inhabitants; under these conditions it became a member of the German Confederation that was founded in 1815. For more than a hundred years there was almost uninterrupted warfare between Frank and Saxon. Originally there were four: Following the North German Confederation Treaty the Kingdom of Saxony entered the North German Confederation in 1866. Note that creation of the Kingdom of Saxony … He was born a Saxon, yet adored Prussia, which forced his native kingdom into the Kaiserreich. John, as Saxony's incumbent king, was subordinate and owed allegiance to the Emperor, although he, like the other German princes, retained some of the prerogatives of a sovereign ruler, including the ability to enter into diplomatic relations with other states. In 1756, Saxony joined the coalition of Austria, France and Russia against Prussia. The Saxon bishops, who had before this possessed sovereign authority in their territories, though under the suzerainty of the Duke of Saxony, gained imperial immediacy subject only to the imperial government;[2] the case was the same with a large number of secular counties and cities. [6] He was also given supreme power over religious matters in Saxony. Each German tribe was forced to rely upon itself for defence against the incursions of the Norsemen from the north and of the Slavs from the east, consequently the tribes once more chose dukes as rulers. In 1910 the population amounted to 5,302,485; of whom 218,033 were Catholics; 4,250,398 Evangelical Lutherans; 14,697 Jews; and a small proportion of other denominations. The first Saxon duke was Otto the Illustrious (880-912) of the Liudolfinger line (descendants of Liudolf); Otto was able to extend his power over Thuringia. Initially the “Swords on Ring” were awarded to those that received the symbol of bravery, swords, to an existing civil order decoration. Otto's son Henry was elected king of Germany (919-936); Henry is justly called the real founder of the German Empire. When the Frankish kingdom was divided by the Treaty of Verdun (843) the territory east of the Rhine became the East Frankish Kingdom, from which the present Germany has developed. In 843 Saxony became part of the East Frankish, or German, kingdom. Otto I laid the basis of the organization of the Church in this territory by making the chief fortified places which he established in the different marks the sees of dioceses. the Kingdom of Saxony became a member of the German Confederation as a result of the Congress of Vienna. However, as regards customs and peculiarities of speech, the designation Lower Saxony was still in existence for the districts on the lower Elbe, that is, the northern part of the Province of Saxony, Hanover, Hamburg, etc., in distinction from Upper Saxony, that is, the Kingdom of Saxony, and Thuringia. One deputy representing four other Schönburg family estates; Twelve proprietors of manorial estates in the kingdom, possessed of a minimum income of at least $2000 per year from rentals, chosen for life from amongst themselves; Ten more persons of the proprietary class, possessed of a minimum income of at least $4000 per year from rentals, chosen by the king for life; Six other town magistrates chosen by the king, with the provision that the monarch should try to see that all sections of the kingdom were represented. The kingdom sided (1866) with Austria in … The Polish-Saxon union and dual state continued until the death of Augustus III in 1763. The chief mountain range is the Ore Mountains and the capital is Dresden. (This was united after 1945 with Anhalt to form the state of Saxony-Anhalt.) Without the ministerial countersignature, no act of the king was to be considered valid. [23], Members of the Diet must be at least 30 years of age; electors must be 25 years of age, not have been convicted of any offense in a court of law, not have their personal estate financially encumbered in any way, and not be under guardianship. The judiciary was made independent of the civil government. The 1831 Constitution of Saxony established the state as a parliamentary monarchy. All princes of the blood who were of legal age (defined as 19, in the constitution); One deputy from the Lutheran Cathedral of. The new kingdom was an ally of France in all the Napoleonic wars of the years 1807–13. But then I had a second more in-depth look and saw it was issued 1910, for a Lieutenant with name Fritz Eulitz from the 5th Infantry Regiment “Kronprinz,” No. It was dissolved in 1952, and divided into three smaller 'Bezirke' based on Leipzig, Dresden and Karl-Marx-Stadt, but reestablished within slightly altered borders in 1990 upon German reunification. [15], A Bill of Rights was included in the constitution. The cathedrals at Naumburg, Paderborn, Münster and Osnabrück are striking examples of the Transition period. The ministry was defined in the constitution as consisting of six departments, all of which were made responsible to the Diet:[14], Members of the ministry had the right to appear in either chamber of the Diet at will, and there to participate in debate, but upon a division of the house they had to withdraw. The work of converting Saxony was given to St. Sturmi, who was on terms of friendship with Charlemagne, and the monks of the monastery of Fulda founded by Sturmi. As Prussia… From 1871 it was part of the German Empire. Present-day Saxony is composed largely of hill and mountain country, with only its northernmost portions and the area around Leipzig descending into the great North European Plain. The history of the powerful Saxon tribe is also the history of the conversion to Christianity of that part of Germany which lies between the Rhine and the Oder, that is of almost the whole of the present Northern Germany. When the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved in August 1806 following the defeat of Emperor Francis II by Napoleon at the Battle of Austerlitz, the electorate was raised to the status of an independent kingdom with the support of the First French Empire, then the dominant power in Central Europe. Kingdom of Saxony. However, in the 18th century Frederick Augustus I converted to Roman Catholicism to be crowned King of Poland as Augustus II. Prince Maximilian (born 1870), a brother of the present king, became a priest in 1896, was engaged in parish work in London and Nuremberg, and since 1900 has been a professor of canon law and liturgy in the University of Freiburg in Switzerland. [27] The Diet could propose the formation of new laws or changes in existing ones, but no bill could be brought forward without the king's express consent. Towards the south the Saxons pushed as far as the Harz Mountains and the Eichsfeld, and in the succeeding centuries absorbed the greater part of Thuringia. Catholicism that can be traced back to the period before the Reformation is found only in one section, the governmental department of Bautzen. From 1871 it was part of the German Empire. He divided the region he had acquired into several margraviates, the most important being: the North Mark, out of which in the course of time the Kingdom of Prussia developed, and the Margraviate of Meissen, from which sprang the Kingdom of Saxony. Frederick II of Prussia chose to attack preemptively and invaded Saxony in August 1756, precipitating the Seven Years' War. His name then was August II. This era produced architecturally fine churches of the Romanesque style that are still in existence, as the cathedrals of Goslar, Soest and Brunswick, the chapel of St. Bartholomew at Paderborn, the collegiate churches at Quedlinburg, Königslutter, Gernrode, etc. The Confederation was dissolved in 1866 after the Austro-Prussian War, and was succeeded in turn by the North German After the dissolution of the medieval Duchy of Saxony, the name Saxony was first applied to a small part of the duchy situated on the Elbe around the city of Wittenberg. His son Otto I (936-973) was the first non-Carolingian German king to receive from the pope the imperial Roman crown (962). From 1871 it … The Emperor Otto I was also for the greater part of his reign Duke of Saxony. Saxony (German: Sachsen, Low German: Sassen), fofficially known as the United Kingdom of Saxony, is a sovereign state located in Central Europe.The nation is bordered in the north by Denmark, in the east by Prussia, in the south by Hesse, and in the west by Belgium and the Netherlands.. In 1871 Saxony became one of the states of the newly founded German Empire. [2] The crown was hereditary in the male line of the royal family through agnatic primogeniture, though provisions existed allowing a female line to inherit in the absence of qualified male heirs. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. When in 1356 the Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV issued the Golden Bull, the fundamental law of the empire which settled the method of electing the emperor, the Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg was made one of the seven electorates and promoted to become the Electorate of Saxony. The Frankish king Clovis I (481-511) united the various Frankish tribes, conquered Roman Gaul, and with his people accepted Christianity. German Maps & Facts for Genealogy. Saxony was a hereditary constitutional monarchy with four votes in the Bundesrat and twenty-three deputies in the Reichstag. It should also be mentioned that about 1.5% of the inhabitants of Saxony consists of the remains of a Slavonic tribe called by the Germans Wends, and in their own language "Serbjo". At the Battle of Leipzig (16–18 October 1813), when Napoleon was completely defeated, the greater part of the Saxon troops deserted to the allied forces. Following the battle, in which Saxony – virtually alone of all the German states – had fought alongside the French, King Frederick Augustus I was deserted by his troops, taken prisoner by the Prussians,[1] and considered to have forfeited his throne by the allies, who put Saxony under Prussian occupation and administration. It became a … Many Anglo-Saxon Christian missionaries sought to convert the Saxons, some were killed, some driven away; the names of only a few of these men have been preserved, as St. Suitbert, St. Egnert, the saint called Brother Ewald, St. Lebuin, etc. Mainly for the sake of his ducal possessions he had carried on a long and difficult struggle with the Slavs on the eastern boundary of his country. [17], The upper chamber consisted of the following:[18], Members of this house held their seats so long as they remained qualified to do so under the constitution, or in certain cases until they had reached the age of sixty or participated in three sessions of the Diet. SAXONY, a kingdom of Germany, ranking among the constituent states of the empire, fifth in area, third in population and first in density of population, bounded on the S. by Bohemia, on the W. by Bavaria and the Thuringian states and on the W., N. and E. by Prussia. Medieval Duchy of Saxony and Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg (880–1356), Thus the Saxon (arch)bishops turned into prince-(arch)bishops, such as the, Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Saxony&oldid=985663759, Articles needing additional references from May 2009, All articles needing additional references, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from May 2009, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Articles with multiple maintenance issues, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with no article parameter, Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with no article parameter, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 27 October 2020, at 06:14. A strong central authority was lacking during the reigns of the weak East Frankish kings of the Carolingian dynasty. Friedrich August III (May 25, 1865 – February 18, 1932) was the last King of Saxony(1904–1918) and a member of the House of Wettin. [11] He was permitted to issue extraordinary decrees to obtain money for state expenditures refused by the Diet, through the Supreme Court, though such decrees could only last for one year. Following the defeat of Saxony's ally Prussia at the Battle of Jena in 1806, Saxony joined the Confederation of the Rhine, and remained within the Confederation until its dissolution in 1813 with Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Leipzig. The House Wettin continued as the royal family throughout the existence of Saxony. This effectiveness probably allowed Saxony to escape the fate of other north German states allied with Austria – notably the Kingdom of Hanover – which were annexed by Prussia after the war. Brief History. Henry the Lion refused to aid the Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa in his campaign against the cities of Lombardy in 1176, consequently in 1180 the ban of the empire was proclaimed against Henry at Würzburg, and 1181 the old Duchy of Saxony was cut up at the Diet of Gelnhausen into many small portions. It continued to exist during the Nazi era and under Soviet occupation. The new kingdom was an ally of France in all the Napoleonic wars of the years 1807–13. This article lists dukes, electors, and kings ruling over different territories named Saxony from the beginning of the Saxon Duchy in the 9th century to the end of the Saxon Kingdom in 1918. The other parishes in the governmental Department of Magdeburg were created after the middle of the 19th century, when, in consequence of the development of the manufacture of sugar, increasing numbers of Catholics came into the country; the St. Boniface Association gave the money to found these parishes.

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