The Iran crisis of 1946 was a separatist conflict in the country of Iran, between Pahlavi Iran, and the Soviet puppet state called the Azerbaijan People's Government, followed by the short lived Kurdish socialist state, the Republic of Mahabad.The conflict ended with the withdraw of Soviet support, and Iran annexing both separatist states. The FSLN also began a widespread literacy campaign; prior to 1979 around half the population was illiterate, but that number dropped to 13 percent by 1983. Rebecca Bodenheimer, Ph.D. is the author of "Geographies of Cubanidad: Place, Race, and Musical Performance in Contemporary Cuba." 1979-1981: Iran hostage crisis After a brutal revolution, the US and Khomeini's pick for prime minister, the relatively moderate Medhi Bazargan, work to normalize relations. The Nicaraguan Revolution was ultimately responsible for the death of 2% of the Nicaraguan population, 50,000 people. The FSLN, moreover, instituted a National Literacy Crusade, which, according to Kagan, served both to increase literacy and to ideologically indoctrinate students. According to Dennis Gilbert, the first members of the FSLN were nationalistic students who were outraged at conditions in Nicaragua under Somoza. The scandal related to U.S. policy toward two countries that had undergone revolutionary regime change in 1979, Iran and Nicaragua. The Nicaraguan Revolution: History and Impact. (Sandino himself was a populist who sought Nicaraguan independence from U.S. imperialism. Since 1937, Nicaragua had been under the rule of a dictator, Anastasio Somoza García, who came up through the U.S-trained National Guard and overthrew a democratically elected president, Juan Sacasa. Throughout their rule, the Sandinistas maintained a close relationship with Cuba. Instead of defining democracy in terms of elections, the FSLN believed that democracy meant popular support and participation. It began in the early 1960s with the founding of the Sandinista National Liberation front (FSLN), but didn't truly ramp up until the mid-1970s. In 1983, for example, after the Contras scored some successes against the FSLN, Cuban general Arnoldo Ochoa traveled to Nicaragua to advice the Sandinistas on their military campaign, and the number of Cuban advisers and military units in Nicaragua increased dramatically. Political scientists Thomas Walker and Christine Wade state, "the Guard was a sort of mafia in uniform... the personal bodyguards of the Somoza family.". Thus, the Nicaraguan Revolution's legacy wasn't as sweeping as that of the Cuban Revolution. By spring 1979, the FSLN controlled various regions, and had struck a deal with more moderate opponents of Somoza. "In 1961, the Sandinista National Liberation Front (Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional, or Sandinistas) was founded by Silvio Mayorga, Tomás Borge, and Carlos Fonseca.The group took its name from Augusto Cesár Sandino, who led a Liberal peasant army against the government of U.S.-backed Adolfo Díaz and the subsequent Nicaraguan government in the late 1920s and early 1930s. But Iranian students in the U.S. have countered with effective demonstrations of the links of their revolution with the world proletariat. Relations between Iran, US have been tense since 1979 hostage crisis News Service 10:14 February 11, 2021 AA Celebrations in Iran within 42nd anniversary of the 1979 Islamic Revolution (2020, August 28). By 1978, the Terceristas had reunited the three FSLN factions, apparently with guidance from Fidel Castro, and the guerilla fighters numbered around 5,000. El Salvador What Is Kleptocracy? Their protests have exposed U.S. hypocrisy on “human rights.” The goals of the FSLN were to continue Sandino's fight for national sovereignty, specifically to end U.S. imperialism, and to achieve a socialist revolution that would end the exploitation of Nicaraguan workers and peasants. The Iran hostage crisis … General Somoza is seen as Nicaragua's new "strong man.". However, in 1984, facing military pressure from the contras and seeking to gain legitimacy abroad, the Sandinistas held elections in which they were largely successful. Bodenheimer, Rebecca. The Nicaraguan Revolution was a decades-long process meant to liberate the small Central American country from both U.S. imperialism and the repressive Somoza dictatorship. Somoza ruled for the next 19 years, primarily by controlling the National Guard and appeasing the U.S. In June, the Sandinistas named members of a post-Somoza government, including Ortega and two other FSLN members, as well as other opposition leaders. Iranian Revolution - Iranian Revolution - Aftermath: On April 1, following overwhelming support in a national referendum, Khomeini declared Iran an Islamic republic. … Iran was a friend to the USA until Carter traveled to Iran and immediately afterwards Iran faced revolution. By 1977, the Church and international bodies were condemning the Somoza regime's human rights violations. Sandinista economic policies also reflected their socialist ideology. While he sought relief for the poor, he did not advocate for a Marxist class struggle.). This emboldened the FSLN, which ramped up insurgent activities. Jimmy Carter had been elected in the U.S. with a campaign focused on the U.S. promoting human rights internationally. In July, the American ambassador to Nicaragua informed Somoza that he should leave the country to minimize bloodshed. The U.S. was primarily concerned about the effect of the Nicaraguan Revolution on neighboring countries, specifically El Salvador, which would soon find itself in the midst of its own civil war. While Marxist in ideology, the Sandinistas did not implement Soviet-style centralized socialism, but instead a public-private model. The Iran hostage crisis was a diplomatic standoff between the United States and Iran.Fifty-two American diplomats and citizens were held hostage after a group of militarized Iranian college students belonging to the Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line, who supported the Iranian Revolution, took over the U.S. Embassy in Tehran and seized hostages. The coup, which reinstated the monarchy under the Western-friendly shah, eventually fueled a surge of nationalism which culminated in the 1979 Iranian Revolution. Post-revolution politics and ideology For much of the 20th century, Central America was plagued by revolution and war. Instead President Daniel Ortega , clad in a protective mask, spoke before a relatively small group of Sandinista Front officials and activists in a controlled environment, to prevent spread of the virus. In 1982, after Argentine-trained rebels blew up two bridges, the Sandinistas declared a state of emergency, and, among other things, restricted the Nicaraguan press. After the devastating 1972 Managua earthquake, which killed 10,000 people, the Somozas pocketed much of the international aid sent to Nicaragua, provoking widespread dissent among economic elites. After Germany broke its pact with the Soviets and invaded the USSR in June 1941, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union jointly occupied neutral Iran as a preventive measure, starting on August 25, 1941, and justified their invasion by the need to use Iran as a gateway for delivery of Lend-Lease supplies to the Soviet Union from British India. The current crisis in Nicaragua is the latest in a long series of civil conflicts that have deeply divided the Central American country and drawn in the United States and other nations. By summer 1979, the United States decided that Somoza’s rule was no longer tenable in Nicaragua and, along with other Latin American leaders, sought to moderate the new Nicaraguan government that would inevitably come to power. Despite their staunch socialist leanings, the Sandinistas united with other groups in opposition to Somoza in order to “mask” the true nature of their revolution so as to not evoke the ire of the United States. The guerilla fighters numbered around 5,000. The Sandinistas thus became worried that, in the future, Soviet support would decline. They demanded money and the release of all FSLN prisoners, to which the regime agreed. In 1978, Ortega's FSLN faction went about attempting to unify the Sandinistas, apparently with guidance from Fidel Castro. Immediately after the revolution, in fact, Cuba sent advisors to Nicaragua to consult with the new government about the formation of its policies. However, the Sandinistas were heavily influenced by Marixst-Leninist teachings, as the party leaders themselves sometimes admitted, but they interpreted these ideas in the context of their view of Nicaragua's history. Somoza agreed to the mediation, but rejected the proposal to institute free elections. Topic: Iranian Revolution The Iranian Revolution is believed to be one of the most significant events of history and brought many economic and global changes. The FSLN attempted several attacks on the National Guard, but were largely unsuccessful as they didn't have enough recruits or the necessary military training. The Sandinistas paid lip service to this request. Up until the late 1970s, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Nicaragua were ruled by corrupt, deadly, pro-American dictatorships. He pressed the Somoza regime to end its abuse of peasants, using military and humanitarian aid as a carrot. During the 1960s, Fonseca, Mayorga, and Borge all spent much time in exile (the FSLN was actually founded in Honduras). Eden Pastora, also known as Commander Zero, rides a bus with fellow Sandinista guerrillas at the end of a hijacking and hostage-taking in Managua, Nicaragua. The Nicaraguan government cancelled all of the annual public events commemorating the revolution out of concern over the coronavirus crisis. The masses also became the physical defenders of the revolution during the contra war, when the government distributed weapons to militias. After he succeeded in ousting American troops in 1933, he was assassinated in 1934 on the orders of the first Anastasio Somoza, while he was in charge of the National Guard. In his absence, members of his regime began looting the treasury. Khomeini went to Iran from France. “Democracy” Kagan argues that the FSLN supported the Salvadoran rebels “for reasons of ideology and affinity.”  He also argues that the Sandinistas supported the rebels because they thought that, by aiding the rebels, they would convince the Soviet Union to fully support Nicaragua against U.S. intervention in the region and ensure that Nicaragua remained economically viable. It began in the early 1960s with the founding of the Sandinista National Liberation front (FSLN), but didn't truly ramp up … Iranian Revolution, popular uprising in 1978–79 that resulted in the fall of the Pahlavi dynasty and the establishment of an Islamic republic. In early 1979, the Carter administration ceased military aid to the National Guard and asked other countries to stop funding the Sandinistas. Chamorro was assassinated in January 1978, provoking an outcry and kicking off the final phase of the revolution. Documentation of Official U.S. Throughout their rule, the Sandinistas arguably became more radicalized, especially in times of crisis. Sandinista guerillas arrive triomphant in the Nicaraguan capital of Managua following the resignation and expropriation of Dictator Anastasio Somoza. In Iran, Islamic fundamentalists led by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini had adopted a militantly anti-U.S. posture after toppling … Atoms for Peace program. Between 1976 and 1978, there was virtually no communication between the factions. Economic assistance to Nicaragua was halted in early 1981, and Reagan authorized the CIA to fund an exile paramilitary force in Honduras to harass Nicaragua; most of the recruits had been members of the National Guard under Somoza. Somoza was assassinated in 1956 by a young poet. Carter saw the need to quell the violence in Nicaragua and the Organization of American States agreed to a U.S. proposal for political mediation. https://www.thoughtco.com/nicaraguan-revolution-4777782 (accessed February 14, 2021). Knowledge of Drug Trafficking and the Contras The National Security Archive obtained the hand-written notebooks of Oliver North, the National Security Council aide who helped run the contra war and other Reagan administration covert operations, through a Freedom of Information Act lawsuit filed in 1989. The Iranian revolution sparked the world’s second oil shock in five years. Campaign for Elimination of Illiteracy in San Rafael, where a 12-year-old girl teaches other children and teenagers how to read and write outside a farmer's house. Nonetheless, this geographic split resulted in two different factions of the FSLN, and a third eventually emerged, led by Daniel Ortega. Anastasio Somoza Debayle, son of former president Anastasio Somoza Garcia, served as president from 1967-1972 and 1974-1979, until he was ousted during the Sandinista revolution. Sandinistas in Esteli. Businessmen, resentful of the emergency taxes leveled on them, provided financial support to the Sandinistas. It came about as the culmination of decades of popular discontent mixed with economic turmoil and an increasingly repressive regime. Founding In 1961, the Sandinista National Liberation Front (Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional, or Sandinistas) was founded by Silvio Mayorga, Tomás Borge, and Carlos Fonseca.The group took its name from Augusto Cesár Sandino, who led a Liberal peasant army against the government of U.S.-backed Adolfo Díaz and the subsequent Nicaraguan government in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Another son, Anastasio Somoza Debayle, headed the National Guard and went about imprisoning political rivals. Nicaraguan Revolution: Causes and Consequences | Life Persona Definition and Examples, The Iran-Contra Affair: Ronald Reagan’s Arms Sales Scandal, The Guatemalan Civil War: History and Impact, Controversial Presidents of Central America, Operation Just Cause: The 1989 US Invasion of Panama, Biography of Manuel Noriega, Panamanian Dictator, The Good Neighbor Policy: History and Impact, What Is Guerrilla Warfare? The FSLN spent much of the 1970s building their bases in both the countryside and the cities. ThoughtCo. The Nicaraguan Revolution . Closer to home, in a number of small Central American countries, a crisis was looming that would help forge the ideas and alliances of the gathering internationalist New Right. The Sandinistas presented these organizations as giving the Nicaraguan people a voice in the new revolutionary government and as promoting democratic participation. On the other hand, Kagan argues that the Sandinistas had always intended to form an alliance with the Soviet Union and “actively sought” this alliance. On July 19, 1979, the Sandinistas seized power in Nicaragua. Also in 1977, he suffered a heart attack and was out of commission for a few months. The FSLN finally staged a successful attack in December 1974: they took a group of elite partygoers hostage and the Somoza regime (now under the leadership of the junior Anastasio, Luis' brother) was forced to pay a ransom and release FSLN prisoners. The Nicaraguan Revolution was a decades-long process meant to liberate the small Central American country from both U.S. imperialism and the repressive Somoza dictatorship. After the broad-based coalition against Somoza triumphed, the FSLN sought to consolidate its power to prevent the bourgeoisie from waging a successful counterrevolution. Nicaraguan president Anastasio Somoza Debayle sits in front of a row of weapons. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/nicaraguan-revolution-4777782. "The Nicaraguan Revolution: History and Impact." Elements within the clergy promptly moved to exclude their former left-wing, nationalist, and intellectual allies from any positions of power in the new regime, and a return to conservative social values was enforced. Definition and Examples, Biography of Anastasio Somoza García, President of Nicaragua, What Is a Military Dictatorship? The Soviet Union Forty-two years have passed since the Feb. 11, 1979, Iranian revolution -- one of the most important events in political history which led to a major social transformation in Tehran and the Middle East. They organized segments of society, such as peasants and laborers, into “mass organizations” which would ostensibly defend the revolution. The FSLN was named after Augusto César Sandino, who fought against U.S. imperialism in Nicaragua in the 1920s. Nicaragua: Iran: 1926: Augusto Sandino was a member of a revolution fighting against the Conservative ruler of Nicaragua, Adolfo Díaz (who was backed by the U.S.) and continued fighting after a … According to Kagan, “By March of 1980, the Sandinistas had already signed a party-to-party agreement with the Soviet Communist Party, as well as secret military protocols to begin receiving arms from the Soviet bloc. Pre-Revolution and Cuba ThoughtCo, Aug. 28, 2020, thoughtco.com/nicaraguan-revolution-4777782. The regime's backlash was severe: the National Guard was sent to the countryside to "root out the terrorists" and, as Walker and Wade state, "engaged in extensive pillage, arbitrary imprisonment, torture, rape, and summary execution of hundreds of peasants." Relations between Iran, US have been tense since 1979 hostage crisis. The Sandinistas ruled from 1979 to 1990, which is considered to be the year the Revolution ended. 6/8/1936-Managua, Nicaragua- General Anastasio Somoza, Commander of the National Guard and leader of the Nicaraguan revolt that forced the resignation of President Juan B. Sacasa, is shown entering Leon Fort at the conclusion of hostilities. FSLN recruitment grew, particularly among young people. "By the middle of the decade, Somoza stood out as one of the worst human rights violators in the Western Hemisphere," according to Walker and Wade. Nonetheless, events in Nicaragua had spiraled out of Carter's control. The Nicaraguan Civil War is more commonly known as the Nicaraguan Revolution. This took place in a region where many Catholic missionaries were stationed and the Church denounced the National Guard. Nonetheless, they set out to address land reform and the widespread poverty in both rural and urban areas. Whether this was truly a fair election, though, is a matter of debate; Vanden and Prevost argue that it was, whereas Kagan argues that Sandinistas were not willing to make any real changes regardless of the elections. Despite robust aid during 1985, the Sandinistas believed that Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev was less willing to support foreign revolutionary movements than previous Soviet leaders had been and that Soviet wishes to improve ties with the United States would hamper Soviet support. In August, 25 Sandinistas disguised as National Guardsmen assaulted the National Palace and took the entire Nicaraguan Congress hostage. After they had rid Nicaragua of those who were resistant to change, the FSLN would lead Nicaragua toward socialism, at least in a broad sense; as Gilbert notes, the Sandinistas did not all agree on what socialism actually meant. The FSLN sent weapons to leftist rebels in El Salvador, beginning no later than in mid-1980 and continuing for the next decade. The group took its name from Augusto Cesár Sandino, who led a Liberal peasant army against the government of U.S.-backed Adolfo Díaz and the subsequent Nicaraguan government in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Bodenheimer, Rebecca. The Sandinistas also maintained ties with the Soviet Union. Sandinista support for the Salvadoran rebels had a profound impact on U.S.-Nicaragua relations. He argues that the Sandinistas' ideology was rooted in Marxism and in a mistaken reading of Sandino as a pseudo-Marxist. In June 1985, after U.S. efforts to unite these opposition leaders, Cruz, Robelo, and Calero formed the United Nicaraguan Opposition (UNO), which theoretically subsumed the FDN. Prior to the revolution, the FSLN had been inspired by the socialist revolution in Cuba. Founding Iran and the United States sever diplomatic ties over the hostage crisis, and the U.S. Embassy becomes a training ground for the Revolutionary Guards Corps. Nicaraguan Revolution. Sandinistas were heavily dependent on Soviet aid and oil; as Kagan notes, “The vital importance of close relations with the Soviet Union had been one of the few constants in Sandinista theory and policy since their earliest pre-revolutionary days.” In 1961, the Sandinista National Liberation Front (Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional, or Sandinistas) was founded by Silvio Mayorga, Tomás Borge, and Carlos Fonseca. Defending itself against the CIA-backed Contra aggression siphoned off needed resources that would have otherwise been spent on social programs. Arturo Cruz, also a member of the Nicaraguan government, resigned in protest of what he saw as an increasingly radical regime and supported armed revolution. While the Sandinista Revolution succeeded in bettering the quality of life for Nicaraguans, the FSLN was in power only a little more than a decade, not enough time to truly transform society. Vanden writes, “After the first few years of Sandinista rule, problems with the United States, the contra war, the developing economic crisis, and the difficulties engendered in maintaining good relations with Western Europe combined to necessitate a cautious policy of engagement with the socialist countries.”  In this view, it was the United States that was partially to blame for facilitating the Nicaraguan-Soviet relationship through the facilitation of armed rebellion in the country.

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